Flash: Looking Back, Looking Forward
In August of this year, Flash celebrates its tenth anniversary. It has come a very long way from its beginnings as a natural sketching program. This article takes a look at some of the major milestones, considers the current challenges to the product, and discusses Adobe's future plans for Flash. The product that became known as Flash began its life as an idea in the minds of John Gay and Robert Tatsumi. It was called SmartSketch, and it allowed users to sketch illustrations on a tablet PC with a stylus, in a very natural-feeling way. When the two creators showed the product around, they found a lot of interest in being able to do animation and to take these illustrations online -- remember, this was the mid-90s, and the first dot-com boom was in full swing.
The next iteration of the product came out in 1996. It was called FutureSplash Animator, and supported animation. It also came with a small browser plug-in that allowed users to view animations embedded in web pages. The plug-in handled vector graphics. This turned out to be important later in its history for a couple of reasons, as you'll see.
At this point, the product worked so well at what it did that media companies such as Disney and MSN used it on their home pages in late 1996. By this time Macromedia, a maker of tools for web designers and web content creators, realized what a valuable addition this product would be to its line-up. In December 1996, Macromedia acquired Gay and Tatsumi's company (Future Wave Software) and renamed the product Flash.
The very first pivotal point in Flash's history came the following year, in 1997. The browser wars between Netscape and Microsoft were going hot and heavy, and Macromedia was faced with a chicken-and-egg quandary. In order to get lots of developers to use their product, there had to be lots of people using the browser plug-in so they could see the content. But there were hundreds of browser plug-ins at the time, and users would not be interested in downloading a separate plug-in unless there was a lot of content to see with it. What could Macromedia do?
The company hit on a solution. Netscape was leading the browser war at this time, so Macromedia paid Netscape "a considerable amount of money" to distribute the Flash plug-in, according to Kevin Lynch, chief software architect and senior vice president of Adobe's platform business unit (Adobe acquired Macromedia in 2005). Part of the deal involved keeping the browser plug-in below a certain size, which was easy with vector graphics. Microsoft, not to be outdone by its rival, agreed to distribute the plug-in without charging Macromedia anything.
Flash's Major Milestones
Thanks to this deal, Flash has become one of the most ubiquitous plug-ins on the Internet, and Flash content can be seen almost everywhere. Wired recently quoted an NPD Online worldwide survey from April 2006 stating that almost 98 percent of web users have the Flash Player installed on their PCs. The Netscape deal wasn't the only milestone that led to Flash's domination of the field, however.
The next major milestone, according to Mike Downey, Flash senior product manager, came in 2000 with Flash version 4. That involved the addition of the scripting engine. In version 5, the company rewrote the scripting language and called it ActionScript. It was aligned with the ECMAScript standard, like JavaScript. This meant that any programmer who was familiar with JavaScript could work with ActionScript. Instead of simply creating animations, developers could now "create games, interactive presentations and full-blown apps," Downy explained. "That's when the entire Flash ecosystem radically changed."
Version 6 of Flash, which came out around 2001 or 2002, brought another big change: video support. This originally started as a pet project by one of SmartSketch's creators. As always, the trick was to keep the browser plug-in (Flash Player) small. Even today, Flash Player is still small, so it plays quickly for everyone who uses it. This is one of the major reasons that it has become the de facto video player on the Internet. The ability to watch video transparently is another reason. There's no clicking through screens to tell what media player or version of it you have.
Today, many high profile sites are designed around Flash, including leading edge sites such as YouTube. Whether companies that build sites on the forefront of technology continue to use Flash will help determine its future. In Adobe's view, however, the future doesn't rest entirely with video -- or at least, not with video as we think of it today.
New Directions
The Internet is not television, Downy pointed out, so there is a need to get away from the "television metaphor" of passively watching. "Burger King's Subservient Chicken was the trendsetter," Downy says of the well-known web site that allowed visitors to type in commands to a man dressed in a chicken costume, who would then do what the command told him to do. (The Subservient Chicken site is still going strong). The addition of interactivity to Flash adds a whole new layer to the user experience.
Indeed, Adobe's latest version of Flash uses a whole new codec to make it easier to create interactive video content. It also significantly increases the quality of the video. There are a number of ways that developers have taken advantage of this ability. For example, at Red Bull's web site, sports (and particularly races) play a major role. With many videos, users can control the camera angle at which they view a race. Flash also allows users to view synchronized data next to the main video -- for example, to show the air speed and other supplemental information next to the video of an airplane race.
A major plan for the future is to make Flash interact better with other products, especially Adobe's. Naturally, this was very difficult up until last year, since Adobe and Macromedia were rivals in the marketplace. The next version of the Flash authoring tool, however (codenamed "BLAZE") will feature support for Photoshop, Illustrator and After Effects, with integration of the rest of Adobe's products to "happen incrementally over time," according to Downy. For example, in the next version developers will be able to bring a mock-up of something they were working on in Photoshop into Flash.
Another important direction for Flash is the mobile market. Here again, the use of vector graphics in Flash Player delivers a competitive advantage, because the content automatically adjusts to the size of the screen. Additionally, since Flash was created in the early days of the Internet, a lot of the solutions that the company came up with for the problems of making it run well over slow connections give the software a competitive advantage for running on mobile devices. For example, content automatically streams to the Flash Player and starts playing before all of it is received, reducing the amount of time a user has to wait before he or she views it.
In fact, Adobe has been working on getting support for the Flash engine on mobile devices for years. "We've just worked out a deal with Qualcomm that will allow content developers to deliver the Flash Player over the air to any BREW-enabled device," Downy notes.
Challenges with Flash
One of Adobe's challenges for the future is to turn Flash into more of a general-purpose application development platform, and to encourage developers to see it that way. "Today the shift is from animations to applications," explained Lynch. To this end, Adobe introduced Flex, a Flash development environment, and beefed up the Flash Player so that it runs scripts faster.
Adobe is also working on Apollo, a project that will let applications written for Flash run without a web browser. "Everyone is rushing in the same direction, which is to reduce the barriers between a web page, an application and multimedia content," observed Peter O'Kelly, an analyst at the Burton Group.The Apollo project addresses the fact that developers now have many more options when it comes to developing web applications, including other scripting languages and tools, and AJAX. Indeed, Adobe recently joined Open Ajax, which is a project for AJAX development.
Even Flash's competitive advantage of being able to run on many different browsers and operating systems is being challenged, from an unlikely quarter: Microsoft. The software giant is working on Windows Presentation Foundation/Everywhere. This development software is supposed to render Windows applications on different operating systems and browsers. Lynch doesn't sound very worried about it, though. "It's good that Microsoft is recognizing the need for Microsoft applications to run everywhere, but it's very hard to achieve -- and we have achieved that with Flash," he noted.
Another challenge Adobe faces is the perception that it does not support the Linux operating system. Most recently, the company has been criticized for not creating a Linux 8 Flash Player. According to Downy, however, the Linux version of Flash Player is in very active development. "That's one of the major misconceptions out there, that we have only one intern working on the Linux player...We decided to skip version 8 on Linux and go straight to version 9 just because of timing," he explained.
Adobe has created a web site that celebrates the tenth anniversary of Flash. The software looks and works very differently from the way it did originally. There is little telling what it will look like 10 years from now, aside from the fact that it will have continued to evolve to meet the changing needs and challenges of a new generation of designers and developers.